by Peter Gorenflos*
ENGLISH - ITALIANO
Notes on Paul R. Ehrlich’s work The Population Bomb—a book that, for good reasons, deserves to be back on the agenda.
Anyone who speaks out on controversial topics these days runs the immediate risk of being labeled right-wing, far-right, or racist. Paul Ehrlich, too, was subjected to such accusations—and even death threats—yet he refused to be intimidated by them. He came from a Jewish, anti-Zionist family, yet he maintained a friendly attitude toward Israel. Born in Philadelphia in 1932, Paul Ehrlich was a biologist at Stanford University. Alongside the co-evolution of insects and plants, population biology and natural resources were key areas of his research. In 1968, he published The Population Bomb, a book addressing the issue of global overpopulation. He passed away this past March at the age of 93.
In April, the Berliner Zeitung published a highly readable article by Sophie-Marie Schulz and Alexander Dergay titled «Threatened with Extinction» («Vom Aussterben bedroht»), in which Ehrlich’s assertions were portrayed as essentially inaccurate. Fortunately, there was no mass starvation claiming hundreds of millions of lives by the late 1980s, as there was no severe shortage in the global food supply. In a critical retrospective published in 2009, Ehrlich conceded that he had underestimated the Green Revolution—an initiative that, through the breeding of new grain varieties among other measures, boosted food production far beyond what experts had anticipated. He also admitted to making the mistake of exaggerating his future scenarios; they were intended to provoke thought and serve as a wake-up call, not to be interpreted as literal predictions. What is less widely known is that one of the «fathers» of the Green Revolution—Norman Borlaug—actually sided with Ehrlich in his Nobel Prize acceptance speech, acknowledging that these new technologies offered only a temporary reprieve.
The sixth great mass extinction is man-made
What is at stake? Global population dynamics. On a finite surface area (or sphere), an unlimited number of people cannot be sustained with food and other resources—the finite raw materials such as oil and natural gas, metals, fresh water, arable land, and so forth. Above all, an expanding humanity endangers biodiversity, thereby sawing off the very branch upon which we all—as part of nature—sit. In the chapter titled «A dying planet», the author describes the consequences of environmental destruction wrought by our dominant species, Homo sapiens. And indeed, his «scenarios» have been far surpassed by reality. No serious scientist today disputes that we have entered a new geological epoch—the Anthropocene—and that we are currently in the midst of the sixth great mass extinction in Earth's history; this time, however, it is not driven by geological factors, but by human intervention in nature. Unlike previous mass extinctions, the current one is not unfolding over spans of several millennia, but rather at breakneck speed—right before our very eyes. According to estimates from the Living Planet Index, the projected decline in global biodiversity between 1970 and 2010 alone amounts to approximately 65%. The natural habitats of many species are shrinking steadily as wildlands are converted into residential or agricultural areas; larger vertebrates are hunted or poached; fish stocks are overexploited; pesticides, environmental toxins, and plastic waste contaminate the ecosystem; and through our global mobility, we not only release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere but also spread non-native species into regions where they did not originate—far beyond the scope of natural dispersal.
I=P×A×T: A formula for the problem of overpopulation
